Конец капитализма? 14 антидотов от болезней рыночной экономики (примечания)
Примечания
1
Бихевиоризм – направление в американской психологии, зародившееся в XX веке благодаря Джону Бродесу Уотсону. Не признает сознание предметом для научного исследования, ставя во главу угла поведение, под которым подразумевается совокупность реакций организма на стимулы внешней среды. (Здесь и далее – прим. ред.)
2
Тэвис Смайли – ведущий ток-шоу на американском телевидении, предприниматель, автор и политический комментатор. Корнел Уэст – американский философ, актер, писатель и литературный критик.
3
Уильям Макгуайр был обвинен в махинациях с фондовыми опционами, за что ему следовало выплатить штраф в размере около $ 620 млн.
4
«Захвати Уолл-стрит» – акция гражданского протеста, которая началась 17 сентября 2011 года в Нью-Йорке. Ее целью был захват улицы Уолл-стрит, чтобы привлечь всеобщее внимание к «преступлениям финансовой элиты». Также участники акции призывали к структурным изменениям в экономике. Впоследствии подобные акции прошли в других городах не только на территории США, но и за ее пределами.
5
Авторы этой книги: Эрик Бриньолфссон и Эндрю Макафи, преподаватели Массачусетского технологического института.
6
Пыльный котел – серия разрушительных пыльных бурь в прериях США и Канады (1930–1936), происходившая в годы Великой депрессии.
7
Аномия – нравственно-психологическое состояние индивидуального и общественного сознания, процесс разрушения базовых элементов культуры. Понятие введено Э. Дюркгеймом и впоследствии разработано Р. К. Мертоном. Для аномии характерно разложение устоявшейся системы ценностей, возникающее в связи с общественным кризисом. Выражается в отчужденности индивидуума от общества, апатии, разочарованности в жизни, высоком уровне преступности.
8
ФРС – федеральная резервная система США.
9
Международная организация, занимающаяся проблемами коррупции.
10
Многолетняя государственная программа США по борьбе с наркотиками и наркоторговцами, которая ведется как внутри страны, так и за ее пределами.
11
Римский клуб – международная организация, объединяющая представителей мировой элиты (политика, финансы, культура и наука). Существует с 1968 года.
Комментарии
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2
Hugo Dixon, «Britain Faces a Lose-Lose General Election», New York Times, September 29, 2014.
3
Palash Ghosh, «How Many People Did Joseph Stalin Kill»? International Business Times, March 5, 2013.
4
См. Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom: Fortieth Anniversary Edition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002) and Allan Meltzer, Why Capitalism? (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).
5
См. www.stwr.org/multinational-corps/key-facts.html. Также см. Philip and Milton Kotler, Winning Global Markets: How Businesses Invest and Prosper in the World’s High-Growth Cities (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2015).
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Bjorn Lomborg, ed., How Much Have Global Problems Cost the World: A Scorecard from 1900 to 2050 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013).
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Winston Churchill, House of Commons Speech, November 11, 1947.
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Gar Alperovitz, «The Rise of the New Economy Movement», Huffington Post, July 12, 2014. См. также Alperovitz, America Beyond Capitalism: Reclaiming Our Wealth, Our Liberty, and Our Democracy, 2nd ed. (Takoma Park, MD: Democracy Collaborative Press, 2011).
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John Parker, «The 9 Billion-People Question», Economist, February 24, 2011.
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Thomas Robert Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798.
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Donella H. Meadows, Dennis L. Meadows, Jшrgen Randers, and William W. Behrens III, The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind (New York: Universe Books, 1972).
12
Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).
13
Jeffrey D. Sachs, The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (New York: Penguin Press, 2005).
14
William Easterly, The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006).
15
C. K. Prahalad, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty Through Profits (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. 2005).
16
Peter Edelman, So Rich, So Poor: Why It’s So Hard to Reduce Poverty in America (New York: New Press, 2013).
17
«Census: U. S. Poverty Rate Spikes, Nearly 50 Million Americans Affected», CBS.com, November 15, 2012.
18
Tavis Smiley and Cornell West, The Rich and the Rest of Us: A Poverty Manifesto (New York, Smiley Press, 2012).
19
Edelman, So Rich, So Poor.
20
See Philip Kotler and Nancy R. Lee, Up and Out of Poverty: The Social Marketing Solution: A Toolkit for Policy Makers, Entrepreneurs, NGOs, Companies, and Governments (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Wharton School Publishing, 2009).
21
Вильфредо Парето (1848–1923) был итальянским социологом, экономистом и философом.
22
См. http://givingpledge.org.
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Thomas B. Edsall, op-ed on Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Tohmas Piketty, New York Times, January 28, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/29/opinion/capitalism-vs-democracy.html?nl=todaysheadlines&emc=edit_th_20140129&_r=0.
26
Edsall, «Capitalism vs. Democracy». Пикетти заявляет, что собственники капитала перенесли ряд сильных ударов, включая утрату доверия в результате краха рынка и потерю реальных активов во время двух Мировых войн. Во время этих войн они пострадали от высоких налогов и инфляции, обесценившей их капитал, потеряли некоторые объекты основной отрасли промышленности, которые были национализированы Англией и Францией. Также богатые люди лишились отрасли промышленности и имущества, конфискованного в постколониальных странах. Кроме того, профсоюзное движение, сильное во времена «Нового курса» Франклина Рузвельта и после Второй мировой войны, давало возможность рабочим участвовать в развитии экономики и достижении роста производительности.
27
Tyler Cowen, «Wealth Taxes: The Future Battleground», New York Times, July 21, 2013, с. 6.
28
Paul Vigna, «What’s a CEO Really Worth? Too Many Companies Simply Don’t Know», Wall Street Journal, November 21, 2014.
29
Ezra Klein, «10 Startling Facts About Global Wealth Inequality», Washington Post, January 22, 2014.
30
Annie Lowrey, «Even Among the Richest of the Rich, Fortunes Diverge», New York Times, February 11, 2014, p. F2.
31
См. Paul Krugman, «Inequality, Dignity, and Freedom», New York Times, February 14, 2014, p. A25.
32
Christopher S. Rugaber, «Struggle Shows Up in Label», Herald-Tribune, April 3, 2014.
33
Jeffrey D. Sachs, The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (New York: Penguin Press, 2005).
34
Tom Worstall, «Six Waltons Have More Wealth Than the Bottom 30 % of Americans», Forbes, December 14, 2011. http://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2011/12/14/sixwaltons-have-more-wealth-than-the-bottom-30-of-americans/.
35
Gretchen Morgenson, «Invasion of the Supersalaries», New York Times, April 13, 2014, p. B1.
36
Фактическая заработная плата Ларри Эллисона из компании Oracle составила $ 96,2 млн. в 2011 году, но совет директоров компании понизил его зарплату до $ 78,4 млн. в 2012 году. У Эллисона есть 25 % компании Oracle, и это редкий случай, когда владелец фирмы платит себе самому так много. Увеличение или уменьшение его компенсационного пакета связано со стоимостью компании Oracle на фондовой бирже и случаями, когда компания опережает своих конкурентов. См. Steven M. Davidoff, «Vote Against Executive Pay Rings Hollow», New York Times, November 7, 2013, p. 16.
37
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38
Jesse Westbrook, «Pay for Top-Earning U. S. Hedge Fund Managers Falls 35 %», Bloomberg, March 30, 2012.
39
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40
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41
Morgenson, «Invasion of the Supersalaries».
42
Sam Polk, «Op-Ed: For the Love of Money», New York Times, January 19, 2014.
43
Annie Lowrey, «The Rich Get Richer Through the Recovery», New York Times, September 10, 2013.
44
Mark Gongloff, «Median Income Falls for 5th Year, Inequality at Record High», Huffington Post, September 17, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/17/medianincome-falls-inequality_n_3941514.html.
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47
«Inequality v Growth», Economist, March 1, 2014, p. 76.
48
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49
См. Philip Kotler and Nancy R. Lee, Up and Out of Poverty (Philadelphia: Wharton School Publishing, 2009), pp. 14–18.
50
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51
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52
Dominic Barton, «Capitalism for the Long Term», Harvard Business Review, March 2011.
53
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54
Allan Sloan, «Positively Un-American Tax Dodges», Fortune, July 7, 2014, с. 62–70.
55
См. http://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/us-wants-law-to-clamp-down-on-firmsmoving-overseas-1.1867990.
56
Jacques Leslie, «A Piketty Protégé’s Theory of Tax Havens», New York Times, June 15, 2014.
57
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58
«The Real Internal Revenue Scandal», New York Times, July 5, 2014, p. 10.
59
Eduardo Porter, «In New Tack, IMF Aims at Income Inequality», New York Times, April 9, 2014, p. B1.
60
Belinda Luscombe, «Do We Need $ 75,000 a Year to Be Happy»? Time, September 6, 2010.
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Douglas K. Smith, «A New Way to Rein in Fat Cats», New York Times, February 3, 2014, p. A19.
62
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67
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Joe Nocera, «Buffett Punts on Pay», New York Times, April 25, 2014.
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Stephen Gandel, «Buffett: Coke Exec Compensation Plan Was Excessive», New York Times, April 23, 2014.
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James B. Stewart, «A Bonus Is Declined: A Problem Remains», New York Times, February 21, 2014.
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Paul Krugman, «Paranoia of the Plutocrats», New York Times, January 27, 2014.
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Peter Coy, «An Immodest Proposal», Bloomberg BusinessWeek, April 12, 2014, pp. 10–11.
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«Exploitative Labor Practices in the Global Palm Oil Industry», report prepared by Accenture for Humanity United, 2012.
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One of the most compelling cases against increasing the minimum wage is found in Gary Will, «Raise Minimum Wage? If…» Washington Post.
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Paul Krugman, «Better Pay Now», New York Times, December 1, 2013.
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Tony Hsieh, Delivering Happiness: A Path to Profits, Passion, and Purpose (New York: Business Plus, Hachette Book Group, 2010).
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«Putting Released Prisoners Back to Work», BusinessWeek, February 6, 2014. Кроме того, в передовой статье газеты New York Times от 24 мая 2014 года под названием «Остановите массовые аресты» («End Mass Incarceration Now») были кратко сформулированы следующие решения: «Существенно сократить срок лишения свободы. Предоставить больше возможностей для реабилитации внутри тюрьмы. Убрать барьеры, которые мешают людям возвратиться в общество после выхода на свободу. Использовать альтернативные способы наказания для лиц, совершивших ненасильственные преступления, наркозависимых или душевнобольных. Выпустить пожилых или больных заключенных, у которых тюремный срок подходит к концу. Составить рейтинг тюрем, чьи бывшие заключенные больше не совершали преступлений.
109
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См. Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, The Second Machine Age (New York: W. W. Norton, 2014). См. также Tom Malone, The Future of Work (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2004).
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112
Robert J. Gordon, «Is U. S. Economic Growth Over? Faltering Innovation Confronts the Six Headwinds», NBER Working Paper 18315, August 2012.
113
Эта цифра взята из «Game Plan for a Future-Ready Workforce», Futurist, November – December 2013, интервью с Ed Gordon, author of Future Jobs: Solving the Unemployment and Skills Crisis, conducted by Rick Docksai.
114
Philip Kotler, Hermawan Kartajaya, and David Young, Attracting Investors: A Marketing Approach to Finding Funds for Your Business (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2004).
115
См. Sean Higgins, «U. S. Ranks Below Rwanda, Belarus, and Azerbaijan in Ease of Creating New Businesses, World Bank Says», Washington Examiner, January 22, 2014. Рейтинги были включены в совместное исследование, проведенное Всемирным банком и Международной финансовой корпорацией в докладе «Ведение бизнеса 2014: Понимание регулирования деятельности малых и средних предприятий» (Doing Business 2014: Understanding Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Business; Washington, DC: World Bank Group, 2013).
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Jonathan Berr, «Billionaire Carlos Slim Argues for a 3-Day Work Week», Money Watch, July 2014.
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129
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