32. Hiba Zaidan, Micah Leshem, and Inna Gaisler-Salomon, “Prereproductive Stress to Female Rats Alters Corticotropin Releasing Factor Type 1 Expression in Ova and Behavior and Brain Corticotropin Releasing Factor Type 1 Expression in Offspring,” Biological Psychiatry 74(9) (2013): 680–87, doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.04.014, Epub May 29, 2013, www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(13)00361-2/abstract.
33. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, “Childhood Trauma Leaves Mark on DNA of Some Victims: Gene-Environment Interaction Causes Lifelong Dysregulation of Stress Hormones,” Science Daily, December 2, 2012.
34. Patrick O. McGowan, et al., “Epigenetic Regulation of the Glutocorticoid Receptor in Human Brain Associates with Childhood Abuse,” Nature Neuroscience 12(3) (March 2009): 342–48, pp. 342–45, doi:10.1038/ nn.2270.
35. Hackett, “Scientists Discover How Epigenetic Information Could Be Inherited.”
36. Rachel Yehuda, et al., “Transgenerational Effects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Babies of Mothers Exposed to the World Trade Center Attacks During Pregnancy,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90(7) (July 2005): 4115–18, p. 4117, doi:10.1210/jc.2005–0550, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15870120.
37. Samuels, “Do Jews Carry Trauma in Our Genes?”
38. Rachel Yehuda, et al., “Gene Expression Patterns Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Exposure to the World Trade Center Attacks,” Biological Psychiatry (2009): 1–4, esp. p. 3, doi:10.1016/ j.biopsych.2009.02.034.
39. Rachel Yehuda, et al., “Holocaust Exposure Induced Intergenerational Effects on FKBP5 Methylation,” Biological Psychiatry, August 12, 2015, www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(15)00652-6/abstract, doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.005.
40. Eric Nestler, MD, PhD, “Epigenetic Mechanisms of Depression,” JAMA Psychiatry 71(4) (2014), doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4291, http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1819578.
41. Emily Laber-Warren, “A Fateful First Act,” Psychology Today, May 1, 2009, www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200904/fateful-first-act.
42. David Sack, MD, “When Emotional Trauma Is a Family Affair,” Where Science Meets the Steps (blog), Psychology Today, May 5, 2014, www.psychologytoday.com/blog/where-science-meets-the-steps/201405/when-emotional-trauma-is-family-affair.
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44. Albert Bender, “Suicide Sweeping Indian Country Is Genocide,” People’s World, May 18, 2015, www.peoplesworld.org/suicide-sweeping-indian-country-is-genocide/.
45. Ibid.
46. LeManuel Bitsoi quoted in Mary Pember, “Trauma May Be Woven into DNA of Native Americans,” Indian Country, May 28, 2015, http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2015/05/28/trauma-may-be-woven-dna-native-americans-160508.
47. Stéphanie Aglietti, “Ghosts of Rwanda Genocide Haunt New Generation,” The Sun Daily, April 12, 2015, www.thesundaily.my/news/381966.
48. Rachel Yehuda, et al., “Low Cortisol and Risk for PTSD in Adult Offspring of Holocaust Survivors,” American Journal of Psychiatry 157(8) (August 2000): 1252–59, esp. p. 1255.
49. Rachel Yehuda, et al., “Influences of Maternal and Paternal PTSD on Epigenetic Regulation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene in Holocaust Survivor Offspring,” American Journal of Psychiatry 171(8) (August 2014): 872–80, http://ajppsychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13121571.
50. Judith Shulevitz, “The Science of Suffering,” The New Republic, November 16, 2014, www.newrepublic.com/article/120144/trauma-genetic-scientists-say-parents-are-passing-ptsd-kids.
51. Josie Glausiusz, “Searching Chromosomes for the Legacy of Trauma,” Nature, June 11, 2014, doi:10.1038/nature.2014.15369, www.nature.com/news/searching-chromosomes-for-the-legacy-of-trauma-1.15369; Yehuda, “Influences of Maternal and Paternal PTSD,” 872–880.52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Samuels, “Do Jews Carry Trauma in Our Genes?”
