• Žmudzki 2005 – Žmudzki P., Mieszko I i amazonki. Wsplónoty wojownicze i normy žycia rodzinnego w relacji Ibrahima ibn Jakuba // Tekst žródla– krytyka, interpretacja, red. В. Treliňska, Warszawa 2005, s. 99-126.
• Žmudzki 2009 – Žmudzki P., Wladcaiwojownicy. Narracje o wodzach, družynie i wojnach w najdawniejshej historiografii Polski i Rusi, Wroclaw 2009.
• Zuckerman 2011 – Zuckerman C, On the Kievan Letter from the Genizah of Cairo // Ruthenica, т. X, Киïв, 2011, с. 7–56.
Список сокращений для летописных памятников
• ИпатЛ – Ипатьевская летопись
• ЛаврЛ – Лаврентьевская летопись
• МосАкЛ – Московская Академическая летопись
• НС – Начальный свод
• Н1Лм – Новгородская Первая летопись младшего извода
• Н1Лс – Новгородская Первая летопись старшего извода
• Н4Л – Новгородская Четвёртая летопись
• НовСофС – Новгородско-Софийский свод
• ПВЛ – Повесть временных лет
• РадзЛ – Радзивиловская летопись
• С1Л – Софийская Первая летопись
• ТрЛ – Троицкая летопись
Petr S. Stefanovích
Boyare, otroki, družiny: The Military and Political Elite in the 10
>th and 11
>th Century Rus'
[1112]This study aims to define the forms and makeup of the elite in the 10>th and 11>th century society of Rus', and to identify those involved in making critical military and political decisions. The key challenge of such a «sociological» approach is that the Rus'ian society was rather poorly structured (just as elsewhere in Europe during early medieval time) yet far from homogenous. What mattered there was the actual power or authority rather than legal aspects.
A reasonably straightforward information on the polity called Rus' had been available since about early 10>th century. Its 9>th century «prehistory» is beyond the scope of this study; evidence on that time is scarce and controversial. Both historic and source-related factors define the upper chronological boundary of the study period as the late 11>th – early 12>th century. At that point the disintegration of the Rus'ian state, once relatively unified, becomes obvious and irreversible. This study relies upon the Kievan Rus'ian «classics» covering the period prior to the breakup. These sources include the 10>th-century treaties between Rus' and Byzantium; the early chronicle-writing, first of all, Povesť Vremennykh Let (“The Tale of By-Gone Years”); Russkaya Pravda (“The Rus'ian Justice”), and the earliest hagiography.
Methodologically, in this study, (i) for the pre-1000 CE period, non-chronicle sources were given priority; (ii) the chronicle evidence was analyzed in light of the results of textual studies, especially those where techniques and approaches developed by Alexey A. Shakhmatov were used; and (iii) the evidence on Rus' was compared to that on similar early medieval European societies, such as the 6>th-9>th century barbarian kingdoms or 9>th-11>th century Scandinavian and Slavic polities.
Chapter I discusses the concept of družina (retinue) in modern German-, English-, Polish-, Czech-, and Russian-language historiography.
Chapter II analyzes the usage of the word družina in 9>th-11>th-century Old Slavonic and Church Slavonic texts, as well as in Old Russian sources of the 11>th-12>th centuries. That analysis suggests that the term družina shall not be used to describe Rus' social organization, contrary to Russian-language historiographic tradition. The early sources used družina mostly as a generic term to refer to comrades, partners, or associates. In some contexts (mainly in chronicles) the meaning was narrower – prince's (kniaz) men/army, but even defined that way the term is still not suited to refer to social groups/strata. In a scientific context, it might be applied to archaic, non– or loosely hierarchical warrior communities, but not to an advanced social organization like the one present in the 10>th—11>th century Rus'.
Chapter III deals with the corps of princes' military servants, referred to in Rus' as otroki or – more specifically – grid' (a borrowed Old Norse word). The corps of this kind had their counterparts in northern and central Europe of 10
